This discourse also contributes to assumptions that only literacy learners will have experienced violence, as those who have successfully negotiated the education system can not have experienced these barriers. This allows other educational institutions to ignore the issue entirely. Or this appproach can lead, as happened in one of our focus groups, to questions about how those who do succeed in the educational system in spite of having experienced violence did so, with the idea that may be this knowledge could be helpful to allow success for those who have failed. This direction opens many questions about what is success, and success at what cost?

The severed head(11)

One possible cost is the "severed head." The educational system can be a place of escape for the mind, but can, at the same time, contribute to a fragmentation of the whole person. Western educational systems do not often invite the whole person into the learning process. Success in this system is often gained at the cost of balance of the whole self. For those who have experienced violence and already feel fragmented, this further severance may be particularly costly. Those who have sought to create a space in literacy programs to draw the whole self into the learning process have been able to do so only when they can find a space outside the discourses of "proper teaching" and "acceptable outcomes" through working in the guise of research or with the protection of special project funding. Yet workers in the New England project, for example, who are using "healing arts" as part of their experimental literacy work, speak with enormous enthusiasm about the shifts they see in themselves and in the students who participate in the program.

To attempt to bring the whole person into the teaching and learning process is to go against the widely shared sense of the "real" work of education. Instructors talked about their recognition that when time is short they get drawn back to practising math and steered away from spending time on supporting students to reflect on their learning and to learn about learning, even when they believed in the importance of the alternative approach. They were surprised to see how the pressure to do proper teaching operates.


(11) Sylvia Fraser speaks of taking her severed head to college and seeking to bury emotions and self-hate through putting together a "rational and successful person" she could respect. (1987:130)